Experience or experiment? Fall or fall down? Far or a long way? Farther , farthest or further , furthest? Fast , quick or quickly? Fell or felt? Female or feminine ; male or masculine? Finally , at last , lastly or in the end? First , firstly or at first? Fit or suit? Following or the following? For or since? Forget or leave? Full or filled? Fun or funny? Get or go? Grateful or thankful? Hear or listen to? High or tall?
Historic or historical? House or home? How is …? If or when? If or whether? Ill or sick? Imply or infer? In the way or on the way? Late or lately? Lay or lie? Lend or borrow? Less or fewer? Look at , see or watch? Low or short? Man , mankind or people? Maybe or may be? Maybe or perhaps? Nearest or next? Never or not … ever? Nice or sympathetic?
No doubt or without doubt? No or not? Nowadays , these days or today? Open or opened? Opportunity or possibility? Opposite or in front of? Other , others , the other or another? Out or out of? Permit or permission? Person , persons or people? Pick or pick up? Play or game? Politics , political , politician or policy?
Price or prize? Principal or principle? Quiet or quite? Raise or rise? Remember or remind? Right or rightly? Rob or steal? Say or tell? So that or in order that? Sometimes or sometime? Sound or noise? Speak or talk? Such or so? Towards or toward?
This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This handout provides detailed rules and examples for the usage of relative pronouns that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why. Please note that in certain situations, " what ," " when ," and " where " can function as relative pronouns.
Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which are a type of dependent clause. Relative clauses modify a word, phrase, or idea in the main clause. The word, phrase, or idea modified is called the antecedent. In the following examples, that and whom modify the subject:. The type of clause determines what kind of relative pronoun to use.
Generally, there are two types of relative clauses: restrictive defining clause and non-restrictive non-defining clause.
In both types of clauses, the relative pronoun can function as a subject, an object, or a possessive pronoun " whose ". Restrictive relative clauses also known as defining relative clauses add essential information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence's meaning correctly and cannot be omitted. In other words, without the restrictive relative clause, the sentence does not make sense.
What Is a Relative Pronoun? Relative Pronoun Usage Example who used for people: replaces subject pronouns like I, she, he, we, they It was my husband who broke the car door.
How to Use Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are placed directly after the noun or pronoun they modify which are underlined in the examples below. The driver who ran the stop sign was careless. The children , whom we love dearly , need better educational systems. Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died. I have a friend whose cat is annoying. The book , which is now out of print , has all the information you need.
This is the book that everyone is talking about. When and Where as Relative Pronouns Occasionally, the relative adverbs when and where are also used as relative pronouns. Grandma remembers a time when radio shows were popular. She remembered the day when they met. The office where I work is in this building. I want to visit the island where my grandma was born.
Defining vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses When relative pronouns are used to add descriptive information, that information is either defining or non-defining. Defining Clauses A defining clause , also known as a restrictive clause, gives essential information about the noun in question. This is the dog that was hit by a car. These are the houses that have been affected. These are the people who want to buy my car.
Give the funds to someone who needs cancer treatment. This is correct but cumbersome. Simply put, compound relative pronouns apply universally to a number of people or things. They include whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever. Please tell whoever may call that I am not available. Two relative pronouns whose functions are easily confused are that and which.
Nonrestrictive clauses are just the opposite. The wardrobe that has the fur coats in it leads to Narnia. We would no longer know which wardrobe leads to a magical land with talking animals, which was the intention of the sentence. This kind of clause gets a that. The wardrobe, which contains several fur coats, leads to Narnia.
Nonrestrictive or nonessential clauses are set off with commas, as shown in the example above. Not every style guide agrees on whether that is an acceptable relative pronoun to use when referring to people.
To some, the following sentence may sound incorrect.
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