Make a free reservation. There are more than 6, species of amphibians living today. This animal class includes toads and frogs, salamanders and newts, and caecilians. Almost all amphibians have thin, moist skin that helps them breathe. No other group of animals has this special skin. Most amphibians undergo a unique change from larvae to adults, called metamorphosis.

All amphibians are ectotherms what used to be called "cold-blooded" , a trait they share with invertebrates, fish, and reptiles. Most amphibians have thin skin that is very permeable allowing liquids and gases to pass through it easily. This is important for two reasons. First, it means that their skin helps them breathe, since oxygen passes easily through it.

Second, it means that amphibians lose a lot of water through their skin. This is why most amphibians are found in moist or humid environments, where they can re-load their water reserves. The word amphibian comes from the Greek word amphibios , meaning "a being with a double life. While dual residence is the rule for most amphibians, some species are strictly aquatic water-dwelling and some are strictly terrestrial land-dwelling.

More accurately, amphibians' "double life" refers to two distinct life stages -- a larval stage and an adult stage.

Most amphibians lay eggs, which hatch into larvae and undergo an amazing transformation or metamorphosis as they move from larval to adult stages. About Amphibians. Amphibians are small vertebrates that need water, or a moist environment, to survive. Latest Amphibian Videos. Now Playing. Up Next. Amphibians face mass extinction as fungus spreads across the world. Latest Amphibian Stories.

New pumpkin toadlet species found—and it secretly glows in the dark. Many exotic pets suffer or die in transit, and beyond—and the U. We may know less about the 'amphibian apocalypse' than we thought. To understand how mudskippers reproduce, scientists need to get dirty. More Animals.

See More. They are tetrapods, which means they have four limbs though some will lose their limbs as they develop. They are also ectotherms. That means their body temperatures vary with the environment around them. They look very different than their adult parents. The larvae have gills like fish. They get the oxygen they need from the water. But as a baby amphibian grows up, it undergoes metamorphosis — a dramatic body change. By the time the amphibian is an adult, it usually has lungs, not gills.

Nerves are not a disaster. The audience expects you to be nervous. Acknowledging nervousness can also create engagement. Showing your vulnerability, whether through nerves or tone of voice, is one of the most powerful ways to win over an audience, provided it is authentic. Susan Cain, who wrote a book about introverts and spoke at our conference, was terrified about giving her talk.

You could feel her fragility onstage, and it created this dynamic where the audience was rooting for her—everybody wanted to hug her afterward. The fact that we knew she was fighting to keep herself up there made it beautiful, and it was the most popular talk that year. With so much technology at our disposal, it may feel almost mandatory to use, at a minimum, presentation slides. If you have photographs or illustrations that make the topic come alive, then yes, show them.

If not, consider doing without, at least for some parts of the presentation. Instead of a flat sequence of images, you can move around the landscape and zoom in to it if need be. Used properly, such techniques can dramatically boost the visual punch of a talk and enhance its meaning. Artists, architects, photographers, and designers have the best opportunity to use visuals.

Slides can help frame and pace a talk and help speakers avoid getting lost in jargon or overly intellectual language. Art can be hard to talk about—better to experience it visually. That can help sustain momentum. Another approach creative types might consider is to build silence into their talks, and just let the work speak for itself. The kinetic sculptor Reuben Margolin used that approach to powerful effect.

Video has obvious uses for many speakers. In a TED Talk about the intelligence of crows, for instance, the scientist showed a clip of a crow bending a hook to fish a piece of food out of a tube—essentially creating a tool.

It illustrated his point far better than anything he could have said. Used well, video can be very effective, but there are common mistakes that should be avoided.

Anything with a soundtrack can be dangerously off-putting. The people in your audience are already listening to you live; why would they want to simultaneously watch your talking-head clip on a screen?

The tricky part about rehearsing a presentation in front of other people is that they will feel obligated to offer feedback and constructive criticism. Often the feedback from different people will vary or directly conflict. In general, the more experience a person has as a presenter, the better the criticism he or she can offer.

I learned many of these lessons myself in So he invited me to give one, and I accepted. Even though I spend time helping others frame their stories, framing my own in a way that felt compelling was difficult. I really thought I might bomb. I was nervous right up until the moment I took the stage.

But it ended up going fine. Here are some common mistakes that TED advises its speakers to avoid. Take a really long time to explain what your talk is about. Speak slowly and dramatically. Why talk when you can orate? Make sure you subtly let everyone know how important you are. Refer to your book repeatedly. Even better, quote yourself from it. Cram your slides with numerous text bullet points and multiple fonts.

Use lots of unexplained technical jargon to make yourself sound smart. Speak at great length about the history of your organization and its glorious achievements. Never, ever make eye contact with anyone in the audience.

Ultimately I learned firsthand what our speakers have been discovering for three decades: Presentations rise or fall on the quality of the idea, the narrative, and the passion of the speaker. If you have something to say, you can build a great talk. Decline the invitation. The single most important thing to remember is that there is no one good way to do a talk. The most memorable talks offer something fresh, something no one has seen before.

The worst ones are those that feel formulaic. Take the bulk of it on board, sure. But make the talk your own. Play to your strengths and give a talk that is truly authentic to you. You have 1 free article s left this month. You are reading your last free article for this month.

Subscribe for unlimited access. Create an account to read 2 more. How to Give a Killer Presentation. Reprint: RK For more than 30 years, the TED conference series has presented enlightening talks that people enjoy watching. Plan your delivery decide whether to memorize your speech word for word or develop bullet points and then rehearse it—over and over.

Put it together play to your strengths and be authentic. From Report: Literal, Informational, Factual, Exhaustive… Research Findings If your goal is to communicate information from a written report, send the full document to the audience in advance, and limit the presentation to key takeaways.

Product Launch Instead of covering only specs and features, focus on the value your product brings to the world. Check out our undergraduate programmes Check out our graduate programmes. Good presentation skills can help you in captivating your audience straight away.

In order to do that, you should start your presentation with a bang. Shock the audience, ask them to imagine something or think of a what-if situation, share a personal story, share a joke, u se a quote, or a video. You should also give an overview of the time and structure of your presentation. This outline should run through your presentation so that you can always assign the individual contents to an outline point. It is also helpful for your audience to have the outline displayed in a slimmed-down form during the whole presentation.

How you end the presentation is as important as how you start it. A weak ending will leave the audience uninspired. But a good ending will motivate them and help them walk away on a positive note. For example, include a call to action, end the presentation with a memorable quote, or a personal story, and don't forget to thank and acknowledge the audience.

The headline speaks for itself. To make the presentation as lively and enjoyable as possible, you should avoid reading it off. Speak freely, slowly, and clearly. If you are not yet confident in what you are presenting, try using note cards. But keep in mind: No continuous text, but only short, concise bullet points! If you use note cards to support you, it is especially advisable at this point to memorize at least the beginning and end of your presentation, as eye contact is crucial at these points.

In order to make your presentation flow as smoothly and confidently as possible, you should avoid using filler words such as "um," "so," and so on.

For your listeners, these words convey insecurity and inadequate preparation. In addition to a handout, other small takeaways can also significantly improve your presentation. For example, if you are giving a presentation on gummy bears, why not offer some to your audience?

If you are giving a presentation about your fishing hobby, why not show the audience your fishing equipment? A presentation can quickly become boring and monotonous. To avoid this, it is advisable to use different types of media.

For example, combine videos and flipcharts, use the whiteboard, or show something practical on a model. This will increase the attention of your audience enormously and will help in keeping them engaged until the end. When giving a presentation, you should keep in mind that you have already heard the content several times - your audience probably hasn't!

Therefore, give your audience enough time to read and understand the content of your slides. Effective use of speech pauses is a master technique. It is one of the most versatile tools in a presenter's toolbox. Yet very few people perform it well. A pause, if used correctly, can add a great deal to your presentation or speech. Pause before, during, or after saying something that you would like to emphasize. Pausing between two different parts of your presentation can indicate to the audience that something new is coming.

A quick pause could also help you in remembering your next point, without the audience noticing that you forgot what to say. When creating your presentation, you should already think about your target audience. This will help you present successfully later on. It is especially important that you speak the language of the audience. Use appropriate and relevant examples. Use "strong" and meaningful words in short sentences to avoid losing the audience.

If you have to use foreign words, explain them in a handout or footnote within the presentation. Always try to keep the attention of your audience and keep them engaged during a presentation.

To do this, it is advisable to regularly involve the audience. One way to do this is to ask questions. Deliberately ask "easy" questions so that can easily be answered by your audience. Another way to involve the audience in your presentation is by interacting with them. Focusing On Characters — People have stories; things, data, and objects do not.

A Changing Dynamic — A story needs something to change along the way. But you can help to make the spoken word better by using your voice effectively. For more about this, see our page on Effective Speaking. It has been estimated that more than three quarters of communication is non-verbal. That means that as well as your tone of voice, your body language is crucial to getting your message across.

Make sure that you are giving the right messages: body language to avoid includes crossed arms, hands held behind your back or in your pockets, and pacing the stage.

Make your gestures open and confident, and move naturally around the stage, and among the audience too, if possible. If you find presenting difficult, it can be hard to be calm and relaxed about doing it.

One option is to start by concentrating on your breathing. Make sure that you continue to pause for breath occasionally during your presentation too. For more ideas, see our page on Coping with Presentation Nerves. If you can bring yourself to relax, you will almost certainly present better. If you can actually start to enjoy yourself, your audience will respond to that, and engage better. Your presentations will improve exponentially, and so will your confidence.

When objects move, the air around them generates a type of friction called air resistance, or drag, that slows them down. This helps them to move faster and use less fuel. Streamline is slimmer at the ends and thicker at the middle. It helps to decrease the drag created by fluids and thus allowing the body to move freely. The shape of the boat is streamlined and this shape helps in reducing friction.

The boat will speed easily through the waves. So, with both air and water, a streamlined shape reduces friction and helps the boat or car go quickly. A flat front increases air or water friction and slows the boat or car down. A streamlined process means fewer errors and delays. You probably use dozens of business processes every day. For example, you may go through the same steps each time you generate a report, resolve a customer complaint, contact a new client, or manufacture a new product.

Answer: Streamlining is a design that offers the least resistance to the flow of a fluid, especially air or water. Friction is minimum for a streamlined shape, which is rounded in the front and narrow at the back. It is useful as: Ship also have streamlined shapes to reduce friction with water. Answer: The four examples of streamlined objects are a car,an airplane,a rocket,a bullet,a ship,a submarine,a dolphin.

Objects moving in fluids face the friction of the fluid that opposes their motion. So Objects moving in fluids must have unique shapes called streamlined shapes to reduce the fluid friction. The special shape given to the bodies moving in the fluids like ships in water and aeroplanes in the air to reduce the fluid friction is called streamlined shape. The car design top-right resembles a people-carrier or transit-van, using a sloping front to minimise wind-resistance while generating the required down-force.

Interestingly, it was evolved around the chassis of a common saloon car, but the computer preferred this type of design solution. The first boat hull bottom-left resembles that of a traditional small boat or ship, with a pointed and sloping bow to direct 'water' to either side of the hull and to generate the desired up-force.

The second evolved hull bottom-right resembles a twin-hulled catamaran, directing water underneath the hull to allow it to cut through water cleanly and generate the desired up-force. All of these were each once the height of technology.

But today are normally only used for sport and pleasure craft. Modern ships normally use some variation of a propeller due to the higher efficiency and performance. For the ship to move, the propeller needs a source of power, or a engine.

This is normally placed in the centre of the ship low down as it can be very heavy. To connect the engine to the propeller, a propeller shaft can be used, providing a physical link. Get the series on your phone or tablet and listen whenever you like — at home, in the car or onboard your very own ship! But if the front of the boat is flat, like on a barge, the water friction will slow it down.

The water will push against the boat. The boat won't be able to go quickly. So, with both air and water, a streamlined shape reduces friction and helps the boat or car go quickly. A flat front increases air or water friction and slows the boat or car down.

Stitch length Use stitch length 1. Thread Use a good quality polyester or cotton thread Machine feet Use a wide straight stitch or roller foot. Markings Safety pins or tailors tacks are a good choice for marking on net.

Seam Finish Net and tulle do not unravel so seam finishing is not functionally required, however for aesthetic reasons you can choose plain seams, french, bound with chiffon or tricot , rolled hem, you can even use a narrow satin stitch. Other Top Tips for Sewing With Net Fabric Place a small square of water soluble stabiliser between your machine foot and the fabric at the beginning of seams, and at the beginning and end of darts to stop your machine chewing your net.

Hold on to the top and bottom threads at the beginning of your seam to avoid the fabric being pulled down in to the needle plate. Careful with the iron! Make a test seam to determine your stitch length and use tissue paper if your feed dogs are tearing the fabric Stitch slowly!

This will help to prevent unwanted puckers or gathers. Dress net adds volume to a hem Share this:. Like this: Like Loading Reeshma - Style update and blog. Hei I have never sewn with tulle or netting but now I have to do it, I have always wonder how to finish the raw edges?

Leave a Reply Cancel reply Enter your comment here Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:. Yes No. Log in Social login does not work in incognito and private browsers. Please log in with your username or email to continue. No account yet? Create an account. Edit this Article. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. By using our site, you agree to our cookie policy. Cookie Settings. Learn why people trust wikiHow. Download Article Explore this Article parts.

Things You'll Need. Related Articles. Article Summary. Part 1. Purchase tulle in a fabric bolt or on a spool. You will need a lot of tulle to make a tutu, so buying it by the bolt at a fabric store may be your best bet. The spooled tulle requires less cutting because it is already in the correct width for making a tutu, so you will only need to cut this kind of tulle once to get the right length. Tulle spools usually contain about 25 yards 23 m of tulle.

Buy more tulle than you think you will need to ensure that you have enough. Elastic is often sold in packages that include more elastic than you might need, but you can always cut it to your desired length and keep the extra elastic for another project in the future. Measure and cut tulle strips if you are using a bolt.

If you are using tulle that is on a fabric bolt, then you will need to measure and cut your tulle first. You may find it helpful to lay your tulle out on a lined cutting mat and use a rotary cutting tool instead of scissors.

Cut your tulle to the desired length. Your tutu skirt length will be about half of the length of the strips you make, so decide how long you want the tutu skirt to be. Then, cut your strips or the spooled tulle to the desired length. The finished skirt will be roughly 18" 46 cm minus about 1" 2. However, you can always add 1" 2. Keep cutting strips until all of your tulle is the same size.

Stack your strips to help keep them organized. Tie or sew together the elastic. After you have finished preparing your tulle, you will need to prepare your elastic piece. Cut the elastic to the length of your waist measurement. Then, you may either tie the ends of the elastic piece together or sew the ends together. Then, overlap the ends of your elastic, making sure not to twist the elastic. Inexpensive stiff striped nylon tulle like a ballerina protruding tutu is very inexpensive and can easily look cheap.

Tulle is an excellent fabric for its cinematic and fluid properties. Unfortunately, it can shrivel when stored. You can put the tulle in the bathroom and take a hot shower, steam the wrinkles, put the tulle in a cold dryer, or use the steam from an iron to remove the wrinkles.

Stiff nylon tulle is used for the classic ballet tutu which is flat. Mid-weight dress tulle can be purchased on studs or bobbins. This is the kind they used under dresses to make them stand out in the s and was often seen over a ball gown.

Because our tulle has to pass very stringent quality tests, the federal government recognizes that nylon is inherently flame retardant. Most companies like to use polyester tulle because it is cheaper, but polyester tulle is not safe.

The best advice is to put the fabric in a laundry bag or pillowcase. Wash it in a full cycle without drying with soap and a lot of fabric softener.

If your plant is still stiff, repeat the process. It becomes very fluid. Tulle has no grain structure, but is more elastic in width than in length. Sew slowly when using tulle to avoid kinks or creases.

One way to complete the tulle is to use a zigzag stitch on the sewing machine to sew ribbons around the edge of the tulle. Satin ribbon is a good choice for this as it completes the delicate look of the tulle. The edging of the ribbon on the tulle is particularly useful in making bridal veils. The best advice is: put the fabric inside a washing bag or a pillowcase.

Wash it in full cycle without drying with soap and lots of fabric softener. If your fabris is still stiff , then repeat. It will get very flowy. Meiying Santoni Pundit. What material is tulle?

Tulle is a fine mesh net fabric most commonly used to make wedding veils and embellish wedding gowns. Tulle can be made from a variety of natural and synthetic fibers, including silk , nylon , rayon , or cotton. Servilio Escorial Pundit. What is the soft tulle called? Silk tulle is the most delicate and softest of all tulle fabrics but it is expensive and rare. Nylon tulle is the one you will find readily available at cheap prices. Polyester tulle is mostly used for crafting purposes as it is slightly stiffer.

Mehmed Dikolenko Pundit. How much tulle do you need for a no sew tutu? Amsatou Graage Pundit. How many yards of tulle do I need for a skirt? Soft Tulle. If your final number is more than 27, you'll need about 12 yards. Mehrdad Zschaschel Pundit. How do I calculate how much tulle I need? First decide how long you want the tutu to be.

Measure around your childs waist, and divide that measurement by 6.

But instead of using a chain, band printers use a steel band with a relatively small number of hammers. Fonts, such as characters and time marks, are etched on the surface of a steel band. The hammers are located on a pump, which travel to the precisely correct positions around the page while printing.

When these hammers reach the correct position, they strike the ribbon, which is then rolled onto the band. As a result, the characters on the band are printed on paper that is placed between the ink ribbon and the band.

Band printers are considered superior to drum printers in terms of price and performance. Non-Impact Printers Non-impact printers have no hammer to hit the print heads on the ink ribbon. These types of printers do not even use ink ribbon to produce prints.

Instead, non-impact printers use various technologies such as laser, electrostatic, xerographic, chemical, or inkjet. Unlike impact printers, internal machinery components of non-impact printers typically do not make any direct contact with the paper. Non-impact printers use efficient mechanisms to produce full-page prints at once. This is why non-impact printers are sometimes called page printers. Non-Impact printers are mainly categorized into the following types: Inkjet Printers Inkjet printers are non-impact printers that are widely used by home users and small businesses.

These printers make prints by spraying a pattern of ink droplets on the paper with the help of a nozzle or jet. A nozzle has small holes to eject small droplets of ink. Inkjet printers use a special type of ink that usually contains iron material.

As the ink exits the nozzle, the ink droplets are electrically charged after passing through a valve. The direction of the droplets is controlled using electrically charged horizontal and vertical deflection plates to drop them into the correct area on the paper. Inkjet printers store ink in cartridges. These printers can also produce color prints.

For colored inkjet printers, individual cartridges are assembled into printers that can store different colors. Generally, most inkjet printers use four primary colors, such as black, yellow, cyan, and magenta. Thus, color prints are produced by mixing these four colors.

Laser Printers Laser printers are non-impact printers, typically using laser or non-impact photocopier technology to produce the dots needed to print text or images on paper. When the print command is given, the laser beam produces a text or image structure on a selenium-coated drum by controlling the electric charges. Once the drum is fully charged, it is rolled into a toner dry ink powder and the charged image particles pick up the toner. After that, the toner is printed on paper using some heat and pressure.

Once printed, additional amounts of toner are collected as well as electric charges are removed from the drum. Laser printers can produce extremely high-resolution prints.

This can vary from dpi to dpi depending on system capacity and memory availability. The higher the DPI, the higher the memory usage and the better the quality. The use of high voltages in these printers causes some carbon emissions. They are still in widespread use in large offices or companies due to their efficient performance compared to other printers. Thermal Printers Thermal printers use a specific heat-sensitive paper and they produce prints by pushing electrically heated pins onto the paper.

The paper used in these printers has a special heat-sensitive coating. It starts getting dark as it gets hot. Therefore, when the hot pins are pushed onto paper, the area concerned becomes darker. In a thermal printer, the heating element is heated using an electric current. Besides, each character is printed by joining a matrix of dots formed by hot pins. To print characters, the print head is moved to the starting position of the first character.

After that, the heat elements of that particular character are turned on, which further help to create a print of the character. Once the first character is printed, the print head moves to the starting position of the second character and repeats the same process again. The heating elements are switched off in a very short period of time when they are not in use.

Thermal printers are also known as electrothermal printers , thermal transfer printers , or thermal wax-transfer printers. List of Other Popular Printers Although the printers discussed above are fairly common, many other printers are available in the market and even often coming up with new technologies and techniques over time.

These printers also use ink, toner, spinning drum, and fuser systems to make monochrome or color prints. However, instead of using lasers, LED printers make use of light-emitting diodes. In this way, the source light makes the LED printer different from the laser printer. LED printers are not currently so popular as inkjet and laser printers, but they are widely used due to their benefits over other printers.

For example, LED printers are considered more effective than laser printers due to the lightweight, compact size, and the functioning of a small number of moving parts.

Photo Inkjet Printers Photo inkjet printers provide the opportunity to work with different print sizes for photos. They are best known for printing photos with efficient quality and make photos stand out from photos printed with other printers. Photo printers are relatively expensive compared to traditional inkjet printers.

The main reason for their expensive cost is the type of ink used in these printers and the fact that they can be both dye and pigment-based. Photo printers are mainly used by photographers. Nowadays, portable photo printers are also available, allowing us to print photos directly from a tablet or smartphone. Multifunction Printers As the name suggests, multifunction printers are designed in such a way that they can perform various tasks, such as printing, scanning, copying, and faxing.

These printers are also known as ' all-in-one printers '. Since these printers come with different functions, they are best suited for businesses with a limited budget. Multifunction printers can be installed in a relatively small space compared to placing multiple devices, such as printers, scanners, faxes, etc.

Thus, the multifunction printer eliminates the need to purchase more than one device and allows users to complete multiple tasks. These printers can also be controlled using their control systems without the need to connect them to the computer. They can be wired, wireless, or with both supports. Instead of printing on paper like other printers, 3D printers create a three-dimensional model of various materials, such as plastics, polymers, metal alloys, or even food materials.

These printers typically use high-quality resins to create 3D objects. While 3D printers were introduced by Chuck Hull in , they have been used primarily for large-scale industrial requirements. Nowadays, these printers are available at very affordable prices, making these printers beneficial for people to produce household products or replacement parts, etc. While the finish is nowhere near as premium as a specialised photo printer, the cartridges are inexpensive and this printer can be used within a variety of working environments due to the versatility of what can be printed.

A common scenario where you may see a dot matrix printer will be within an older retail store that uses one of these nifty little printers for printing out customer receipts.

As the name suggests, A3 printers are perfect for printing, well, A3 documents. While almost all A3 printers will also accommodate standard A4 printing, a specialised A3 printer ensures that you do not lose out on the ability to print larger documents.

At some stage, most businesses will have a requirement to print outside your standard A4 printing options. With this in mind, an A3 printer can be invaluable when wanting to use paper sizes that will simply not fit within your standard inkjet or laser printer. For anybody looking to create large-scale photography or print huge mind maps for board meetings, an A3 printer will save you the trouble of awkwardly printing on both sides of an A4 sheet of paper or running down to your local store.

That said, A3 printers are expensive and take up a large amount of space when compared to your standard A4 printer. Depending on the type of application you are looking to print, choosing between the different types of printers available is crucial.

As a rule of thumb, inkjet printers are better for high-quality photo printing, while laser printers are best matched for large volume business documents.

When it comes to saving money printing , continuous ink printers will give you the best of both high-quality printouts and cheaper operational costs. However, should print quality be at the very bottom of your requirements, then opting for a LED printer or Dot Matrix printing unit if you are able to find one will get the job done.

To find out more about the differences between printing technology, check out some of our other articles as our experts compare printer types, inks and even printer models. Out of stock. Ideal for Office Use. Javascript is disabled on your browser.

To view this site, you must enable JavaScript or upgrade to a JavaScript-capable browser. Share Facebook Twitter Linkedin Email. Different Types Of Printers From compact and simple to complex and sophisticated, there are many types of printers on the market. Inkjet printers One of the most common printing units found across Australian homes is the inkjet printer.

Inkjet Printer Advantages Can produce photo-realistic printouts. Fast first page out time. Typically requires minimal space. Inkjet Printer Disadvantages High cost per printed page. Slower at printing than laser printers. Prints out wet prints. Laser printers In direct contrast to inkjet printers, laser printers are best suited for organisations that need to print large volumes of documents through multiple connections.

Laser Printer Advantages Typically faster at printing than inkjet printers. Sharper printed text documents. Laser Printer Disadvantages High cost per printed page Slower at printing than laser printers Prints out wet prints. Solid Ink Printers Since , solid ink printers have been used by many businesses across Australia.

Solid Ink Printer Advantages Do not dry out when not in use. No empty cartridge to dispose of. High-quality glossy prints. Solid Ink Printer Disadvantages Solid ink printers are not cheap.

Laser printers are still widely used in large offices as they are traditionally more efficient than inkjet printers. This is the ideal office printer as it offers a practical all-in-one print solution in a quiet and compact package. Solid ink printers utilise a unique form of ink technology, designed to save space and money on packaging.

The printers melt solid ink sticks during the printing process — a method that can help produce more vibrant tones. LED printers are similar to laser printers but use a light emitting diode rather than a laser to create images on the print drum or belt. Due to their fewer moving parts — LED printers are often considered more efficient and reliable than laser printers. Designed from the inside out to be a reliable and consistently high-quality machine, the Xerox Versalink uses fewer parts while utilising a superior paper pathing system.

It packs immense production quality, with up to x dpi per page and up to 35 pages per minute, in both colour and black and white. Everyone that needs to access your printer can use the Simple ID system to access and manage their printer jobs on their own personalised home screen. Utilising inkjet technology on a large scale to accommodate the needs of a busy office with heavy reliance on printed output, inkjet printers are enduringly popular due to their reliability and robust nature.

The Epson WorkForce Pro helps you to get more out of your working day. No matter where you are working, your Epson WorkForce Pro is only a few clicks away. And, if security is a concern with many devices in your fleet, the Epson Device Admin makes managing your fleet of devices a breeze, giving your peace of mind when it comes to your security. Inkjet printers are one of the most common types of printers used in both professional and domestic settings. Developed in the s, inkjet printing technology is still hugely popular today due to its numerous advantages and minimal drawbacks.

This is the perfect addition to your home office, with its compact and sleek exterior. Flawless results are guaranteed every time and produced efficiently so you can carry on with other tasks. The EcoTank is also designed with ink efficiency in mind, utilising the most advanced technology to make refilling simple. For colour printing, the EcoTank guarantees vivid, full colour prints without streaks. This machine is capable of printing a maximum of 15 pages per minute in colour, and 33 pages per minute in monoprint.

Combining the high-quality print capabilities of inkjet technology with lower cost-per page functionality: low cost inkjet printers are well-suited to professional and domestic users working on a budget. Sometimes known as all-in-one printers, multifunction printers are often capable of performing printing, copying, scanning, and faxing tasks.

This can simplify the completion of multiple tasks within an office or domestic environment, with no need for more than one unit. This cartridge-free Epson EcoTank ET comes with enough ink to last a busy household up to three years. This is perfect for students wanting to print out images, or parents printing pictures or work-from-home documents.

Badrtalei wasn't sure Bryant would be receptive. He'd seen the intense way Bryant judged anyone and anything around him. He saw how Bryant would banish fellow pros or prospects from working out with him if they didn't compete to his level. And after one practice, Kobe would make a call and say, 'Don't ever send this guy to work out with me again,'" Badrtalei says.

He would see if you would get comfortable with him. That would be his test. The people who he carried around him were never comfortable. He liked it when people would get comfortable because then he knew who you really were. After working through some prototypes and redesigns for which Bryant suggested an air valve so the ice could remain tight to the skin even after it started melting, eventually there was Bryant wearing the black wraps on his knees on the Lakers bench.

Katz called them Hyperice, playing off the shoes Bryant was wearing at the time, the Nike Hyperdunk. Within a short time, numerous other pro athletes had taken notice and were trying to get their hands on the product. LeBron James tried it and instantly wanted several dozen. Blake Griffin used it and was so impressed that he became one of the company's first investors. He thought it was an advantage," Katz says. NFL players soon followed, after running back Adrian Peterson got the equipment from University of Oklahoma friend Griffin, and it became a mainstay in pro locker rooms.

Katz decided to make it his full-time job, launched a website and set up a company so he didn't have to fill orders with his phone. He started manufacturing other recovery products, including vibrating foam rollers and portable heating pads. Bryant worked with Katz over the years in developing the products, all of them with Bryant's needs in mind as he headed into the twilight years of his career.

When Bryant tore his Achilles in , Katz made him a special icing sleeve for his ankle. As he rehabbed, Bryant would have long conversations with Katz about the business, sometimes texting to ask about ideas in the middle of the night. They talked about business, Quentin Tarantino movies and kids.

Many professional athletes have turned to prolotherapy in Los Angeles for treatment after an injury. Kobe Bryant may be one of the most prevalent examples of a professional athlete that recently turned to this form of treatment. Kobe used a form of regenerative restorative injection therapy or prolotherapy to strengthen his weakening knee.

Overall, the Shock Doctor is a very popular knee brace among rehabbing basketball players because it provides a lot of support while still being comfortable enough for long basketball sessions. Final Thoughts If you are rehabbing a serious knee injury, talk to your doctor before you do anything. But, getting a knee brace like the Shock Doctor that increases stability and prevents unnatural movements is a great protection against further injuries.

If your prime concern is knee pain during games, or if you want to protect yourself from bruises, I would advise you to get the McDavid These knee pads combine the benefits of knee sleeves with additional padding and are a must-have for every basketball player that plays with reckless abandon. Your email address will not be published.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. There are different reasons why basketball players wear protective gear on their knees: To reduce chronic pain caused by the immense burden put on the knees in basketball To prevent bruises caused by collisions and hard falls To provide support after a significant knee injury like an ACL tear In this article, I am going to help you find the knee pads, sleeves or braces that are best for each scenario.

Nike Pro Hyperstong Knee Sleeve 3. Keeps muscles compressed and warm Slick design. Best Price:. Buy from Eastbay. Buy Now. These links are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, we will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase.

Prices last updated on November 11, Very comfortable due to open patella Perfect for basketball players that suffer from chronic knee pain. Protects you during collisions and falls Padding provides a confidence boost for players that like to attack the basket. Buy on Amazon. Similar to McDavid but offers additional compression of calves and thighs Comes in various colors.

Protects knees from hyper-extending Very good protection at a fair price. Protection: star star star. How to size your Shock Doctor Knee Brace. Made by the 1 company when it comes to basketball, the Nike Pro Combat knee sleeve will keep your muscles warm, compressed and ready for action. If you have chronic pain from patellar tendonitis or due to the excessive stress put on your knees, these knee sleeves can save you from a lot of discomfort.

Plus they look really cool. Shock Doctor is a company known for high-quality protective sports equipment. Knee Pads are often referred to as padded knee sleeves, and with good reason. Compared to the , the McDavid is a larger leg sleeve that includes pads at the knees.

The steel hinges on both sides of this knee brace protect against excessive lateral movement and therefore help to stave off re-injuries to the side ligaments in the knee, mainly the MCL and LCL. In addition, the hinges feature a stopper that prevents knees from hyper-extending.

Of course, this is Watson and Crick's incredible realization back in , but it will stand in history as probably one of the most significant scientific moments of all time. Francis S. Collins, M. Chapter Natural Selection. Chapter Population Genetics. Chapter Evolutionary History. Chapter Plant Structure, Growth, and Nutrition. Chapter Plant Reproduction. Chapter Plant Responses to the Environment. Full Table of Contents. This is a sample clip.

Sign in or start your free trial. JoVE Core Biology. Next Video. Embed Share. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, consists of two polynucleotide chains. Please enter your institutional email to check if you have access to this content. Please create an account to get access. Forgot Password? Please enter your email address so we may send you a link to reset your password.

To request a trial, please fill out the form below. A JoVE representative will be in touch with you shortly. You have already requested a trial and a JoVE representative will be in touch with you shortly.

If you need immediate assistance, please email us at subscriptions jove. Thank You. Please enjoy a free hour trial. In order to begin, please login. Please click here to activate your free hour trial. If you do not wish to begin your trial now, you can log back into JoVE at any time to begin.

After her death, Crick said that her contribution had been critical. The double helix describes the appearance of double-stranded DNA, which is composed of two linear strands that run opposite to each other, or anti-parallel, and twist together.

Each DNA strand within the double helix is a long, linear molecule made of smaller units called nucleotides that form a chain. The chemical backbones of the double helix are made up of sugar and phosphate molecules that are connected by chemical bonds, known as sugar-phosphate backbones. The nitrogen bases can only pair in a certain way: A pairing with T and C pairing with G.

Due to the base pairing, the DNA strands are complementary to each other, run in opposite directions, and are called antiparallel strands. Show Sources Boundless vets and curates high-quality, openly licensed content from around the Internet. October 16, Licenses and Attributions.

These flowers last up to three years, thanks to a rehydration process that involves glycerin. In addition to the long lasting nature, the silver metallic finish truly stands out from any other bouquet.

You might think that being together for 25 years means you know everything about each other—but when you have specific starter questions that ask about certain memories or scenarios, you might find yourself learning a new thing or two about your partner with this game. The back and forth asking and answering will make you feel like you're on your first date all over again.

A perfect set of flatware will never go out of style, so this CB2 set is a winner. Choose from brushed or shiny silver depending on your preference. After 25 years together, there are undoubtedly some memories. This Etsy journal is the perfect way to capture those moments, some that you may have even forgotten.

The frame selections ranges from 20 x 40 to 30 x inches. Twenty five years is certainly worth celebrating. These champagne glasses are the perfect way to toast and the personalization truly makes them special. Sometimes it really just is the little things and this ring holder fits that bill. Instead of taking a sentimental and maybe expensive band off by the sink or a random place, this holder is the perfect solution.

The heart sculpture will look great on any counter top or desk. The metal cookie comes in a takeout box and has a personalized message inside. Include up to two lines of text to show your love and appreciation. Not only is the brew temperature adjustable, but there are also more than a dozen settings for the grinder. Also, the stainless steel will look great on any countertop, and the built in storage hides accessories when not in use. This silver money clip has an eternally classic design but also practical functionality.

Plus, each money clip is hand polish. This is a perfect, elegant solution to wadding up cash or stuffing bills in a wallet. For the person who always misplaces their watch, this box can come in handy. The silver clasp and the vegan leather is a great, timeless combination. Were the craftsmen paid a living wage? There are beautiful and sentimental anniversary gifts available at all price points.

You could pick a smaller item, like a keychain, or even opt for something silver in color. If you are hoping to spend a bit more money, make sure the gift is from a quality retailer. The traditional 25th anniversary gift is silver. You could take this literally and give jewelry, a silver keychain, or sterling picture frames, or you could instead give them a card or another item that is silver in color.

The 25th anniversary is called the silver anniversary. This makes sense, as the traditional gift for celebrating a 25th anniversary is silver. How much you spend on a 25th anniversary gift will totally depend on your own personal budget and how much emphasis you put on your anniversary.

Some couples prefer to exchange cards or celebrate with a dinner out, while others exchange more extravagant presents. This roundup was written by Patrice J. She has contributed gift guides to The Spruce since She loves helping her friends and family find unique, thoughtful, and wallet-friendly presents. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser.

You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. Gift Theme Origins for Wedding Anniversaries. Weddings are a key event in any couple's life, as they bring together friends and relatives to celebrate the happiness and joy of the couple. Wedding anniversaries are also perfect opportunities to celebrate the love of two people, commemorating the joy that they take in each other's company, despite the trials and tribulations of the marital journey.

In most cultures, the wedding anniversary is thought to be an important occasion, and it is generally celebrated in meaningful and significant ways. Couples are reminded of their marital commitment, and a lot of effort often goes into sourcing the perfect gift that will be symbolic and meaningful for one's partner, or the happy couple.

While finding a gift for couples in the first years of their marriage is relatively simple as they still require many of the essentials of marital life , later in their marriage, thinking of an appropriate gift idea that will be appreciated and treasured is more difficult.

Gift-giving on the occasion of a wedding anniversary has its origins in the medieval period. In the Holy Roman Empire, husbands would give their wife a silver garland to mark their 25th anniversary, and a golden wreath when they reached 50 years of marriage. However, only some anniversary years were included in the book, the first, fifth, then every fifth year up to the 25th wedding anniversary.

In , the American National Retail Jeweler Association added additional years to the list, including all years up to 14 years of marriage, and every 5th year up to 50 years of marriage. These are known as traditional themes linked with each marital year. More recently, a contemporary list was created, and today, all the anniversary years from 1 up to 30 have been linked with a theme or material, and then every fifth year up to 75 years of marriage.

Not only are anniversary years symbolised by traditional and contemporary gifts, but they often also have a flower, colour and gemstone associated with them as well. The gemstones associated with marital years 1 to 25, and then every 5th year up to the 60th anniversary, are published in the Information Manual on Gemstones by the American Gem Trade Association. In some instances, other countries have suggested a different gemstone for certain anniversary years, so those alternate gemstones are outlined in our table.

Different marital years also often have colours and flowers associated with them, however, these vary dependent on the source. Usually, however, the rose is considered to be the perfect substitute for any anniversary if a woman adores roses, and often its shade can be matched with the colour linked to the anniversary year. We have compiled a table here that details all the traditional and contemporary themes associated with each anniversary year. There is also further information below the table to help guide you when thinking about an appropriate anniversary gift for your loved one, or for a couple.

Wedding Anniversary Occasion. Traditional Theme. Modern Theme. Anniversary Gift Suggestions. Gold Jewellery no stone specified. Alternate Stone: Peridot; Pearl. Click Here. Alternate Stone: Rose Quartz. Alternate Stone: Moonstone; Crystal; Jade. Appliances electrical. Alternate Stone: Blue Zircon; Amethyst. Blue; Pink; Turquoise. Brands like Organic Basics are weaving it into underwear that can go a while between washing. Show off family photos or vacation snaps in these minimal silver frames from one of our favorite online-framing services.

These sponges are also treated with silver to inhibit the growth of bacteria, mold, and mildew, so they never get too gross. They also look a lot nicer than the green and yellow ones beside most sinks, a little detail we think adds to their giftable appeal.

Learning a new skill together can help keep your bond strong. If either or both of you has any musical inclination, the flute is supposedly easy to learn, according to Carol Wincenc, a Grammy-nominated flutist and Juilliard professor. A minimal silver buckle on a slim belt feels understated yet sophisticated. Strategist editor Peter Martin recently purchased this smartwatch for his sister, who reported back that it does everything a good fitness-focused smartwatch should: tracks your heart rate and sleep cycle , counts your steps, and allows you to glimpse at your calendar, texts, and other notifications provided your phone is nearby.

Writer Lauren Levy obsessed over what flatware to put on her wedding registry, looking for a set that was both functional and interesting to look at. A versatile addition to any bar cart , this stirring spoon actually has a muddler on the other end so you can flip it over to crush sugar cubes or cherries. This silver-laced pomade from Oribe is a great option for styling silver and gray hair — it contains ingredients including Arctic root extract for maintaining elasticity and pea peptide which adds volume and moisturizes.

The silver actually works to brighten and add shine, which is good if your hair has become a bit dull. Replace your old mouse pads with two of these, that look as high-tech as the rest of your desk set-up.

Widescreen displays allow you to see more meaningful information when you split the screen to display more than one type of data, showing your GPS chart, radar screen, or returns from more than one transducer.

Power is directly related to how well you see in silt-laden water, view down to greater depths, and successfully resolve separate targets and bottom structure. A watt RMS fishfinder should have plenty of power for most coastal applications. Serious bluewater anglers should look for 1, watts or more. Inland lake fishermen can see the shallow bottom with only watts. StructureScan 3D transom mount transducer. Fishfinders operate using a single frequency transducer, dual frequencies, multiple frequencies or a broadband CHIRP system.

Shallow-water inland anglers generally choose higher frequencies of kHz, kHz or kHz. For maximum depth, use lower frequencies. We recommend kHz or higher up to kHz for water depths up to ' and 80kHz or 50kHz for deeper waters. Instead of transmitting only or 50kHz, for example, CHIRPing devices transmit a signal that sweeps linearly upward from 40 to 75kHz, to kHz, or other frequency ranges.

CHIRP fishfinders transmit less peak power than a conventional fishfinder, but their wide-band, frequency modulated pulses kHz, for example can be very long in duration and put times more energy into the water.

Using digital pattern matching and signal processing, CHIRP devices achieve unprecedented resolution and target detection. Your ability to resolve individual fish, or separate fish from bottom structure, is now a matter of inches, instead of several feet with traditional fishfinders. See individual fish in groups, instead of a single mass.

Depth ranges of 10, feet are standard with these broadband devices, which include sounders from all of the major brands. The screen does feature a pretty effective backlight, but the menus can only be navigated via the implemented keypad. The transducer features a temperature sensor, transom mount, and 20ft of power cord.

The max reach with the provided transducer is 1,ft, but you can extend it to 3,ft if you decide to purchase an upgrade. Mega Si reaches around ft with the side beams going up to ft. The unit also supports imaging, which requires a transducer upgrade as well. It features Humminbird Basemap charts but is compatible with many others too.

At your disposal, you also have the AutoChart Live feature and the ability to record up to 2, waypoints, 47 routes, and 50 trails. The screen allows you to observe up to 4 different panels in the split-screen mode.

Needless to say, you will be able to perform SideScan and DownScan imaging with photo-like results. The charplotting tech allows for 3, waypoints, routes, and trails.

It also comes with built-in wireless connectivity. The optical bonding LCD tech allows for perfect observation in direct sunlight. The max reach is ft for 2D and ft for DownVision. Additional sonar features include A-Scope, Target Depth, several fish alarms, and much more.

Apart from wi-fi connectivity, the unit has a microSD slot. It does not feature any NMEA ports. There is no touchscreen technology, but the DualBeam sonar imaging can be observed in the split-screen mode. When it comes to navigation, the unit comes with the AutoChart Live feature as well as preloaded UniMap charts.

The chartplotter can store up to 2, waypoints, 45 routes, and 50 tracks. The GPS also measures your speed. It also features a different transducer.

The unit itself is capable of reaching 2,ft with a 50 kHz capable transducer. The waterproof rating is not specified. You can observe your images in split-screen. The unit can reach up to 3,ft with a 50 kHz capable transducer. The chartplotter can store up to 3, waypoints and routes and trails.

The unit features a microSD slot and also allows you to use Insight Genesis to customize your maps and fishing spots. The unit can hit up to 3,ft with an upgraded transducer. It features preloaded BaseMaps and the chartplotter can store up to 3, waypoints with routes and trails. There is also a provided transducer with a transom mount, temperature sensor, and 20ft of power cord.

The unit can also function as a chartplotter and record up to 3, waypoints and routes and trails. Note that you can upgrade it with some of the best chart packages out there. It is also compatible with Insight Genesis. Garmin Striker 7dv was introduced in as an upgraded version of the Striker 5dv fish finder.

The waterproof rating is IP-X7 and the screen comes equipped with an adjustable backlight. You can view your images in the split-screen mode. The provided 4-pin GTTM transducer comes with a temperature sensor, transom mount, and 20ft of power cord. Garmin Striker 7dv features a high-sensitivity GPS, but it does not come with any maps.

In other words, there is no such thing as the best fish finder on a universal level; what model will work best for you depends on numerous individual factors ranging from your vessel and fishing locations to your preferred type of fishing and computer literacy.

The detection range is smaller and not adjustable so that you will have only narrow detection areas for very shallow lakes. Nevertheless, the picture is almost vivid and provides a perfect representation of whatever is underwater. However, fish are only properly displayed in good visibility conditions. This can go so far that a pike can be recognized by the elongated body shape, just as the high-backed body of a carp casts a typical shadow.

As soon as a fish detected in the sensor of the device moves too much, it is no longer recognizable. The soil hardness is usually not displayed. When choosing a fish finder try and select a well known brand rather than a cheap alternative. Established brands will often provide much better after sales support and servicing options as well as regular map updates and new models.

Do your homework and read as many fish finder reviews as possible. Some of the most popular fish finder brands are:. Hopefully, our articles will help you make an informed decision on your next fishing tackle purchase, and ideally catch more fish! More info Your email address will not be published. Post comment. Skip to content We put the focus on quality fishing equipment and techniques!

Facebook Instagram. Different types of fish finders and how they work.

Hotel Guests Call to purchase hotel beds Hotel Properties Call to find your local sales representative Browse Online Models. Shop Hotel Models.

Order the exact bed you slept on at a hotel Remember your last glorious vacation and how well you slept? Relive the utopian sleep experience you had every day in the comfort of your very own home.

Click Here. Shop Innerspring. Exclusive two-sided design Our hotel mattresses are the only Serta mattresses to feature a unique two-sided design for easy flipping of the mattress. Serta exclusive technology Every Serta Hotel Mattresses features an advanced and exclusive Serta innerspring support system designed to promote proper body alignment and support.

This is a bed to instantly fall asleep on. Read on to find out which ones…. The much-sought for question has finally been answered, and the answer is so shocking that it may take a while to sink in.

This is not just any mattress supplier: this firm actually manufactures most of its own products right here on U.

K soil! Latex and memory foam are similar among types of mattress, but most will agree that latex mattresses are better than memory foam. This may be the best on this list. We recommend a reputable company such as Silentnight.

QHotels is often voted up as the very best hotel chain in the UK. Unfortunately, their bed remains something of a mystery. They call it the QHotels Signature Bed. One of the most luxurious mattresses and bases on the market, this mattress features an ergonomically engineered sleep surface with individually wrapped coils to provide body contouring support in every position.

The layers are also designed so your weight is distributed evenly across both sides of your bed making it ideal for couples as well! Another very popular chain of hotels with its own mattress, the Sofitel SoBed is another stellar bed. This mattress features a layer of feathers that cradle the sleeper softly. Some consider these to be comfortable yet annoying among the many types of mattress.

It can be purchased at the dedicated Sofitel SoBed store. This is very high quality amongst the many types of mattress out there. The custom-designed hotel mattress features a plush surface and innerspring construction , which combine for deep support. It comes with our specially crafted box spring, designed to double your comfort.

The most common types of mattresses are: Innerspring mattress. Memory foam mattress. Hybrid mattress. Latex mattress. DoubleTree by Hilton. Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. Hilton Hotels and Resorts Enter the Serenity Bed , a custom-designed bed from Serta that boasts extra coils for motion absorption and spine support, reinforced edges to prevent sagging, plush pillow top and a patented quilt design that aims to improve circulation.

What type of mattress is used in 5 star hotels? Innerspring coil mattresses are still the leading type of mattress used in hotels. They are affordable and durable.

Some of the innerspring mattresses feature a foam pillowtop for extra comfort. However, many hotels, such as Marriot and some Hilton hotels have switched exclusively to foam mattresses.

Why are hotel pillows so comfortable? Hotel pillows are basically made for people who sleep on different kinds of position. This is the reason why most of the hotels have the most comfortable set of pillows. Because they choose their pillows wisely so that they will be able to make sure that all of their customers will have the best time during their stay. What hotel chain has the most comfortable beds? These, below, are among the best and worth checking out!

This chain was the first to create a signature bed in , in partnership with the mattress manufacturer Simmons, and its quality has stood the test of time. Four Seasons.

A wet dream is when a guy ejaculates or "cums" while he's sleeping. During ejaculation, semen the fluid containing sperm comes out of the penis and this is what you noticed on your underwear or pajama pants. Wet dreams usually happen during dreams that have sexual images. Sometimes guys wake up from a wet dream, but sometimes they sleep through it. Wet dreams begin during puberty when the body starts making more testosterone, a male hormone. Learn more about the male reproductive system here Are wet dreams normal?

Can adults get wet dreams? How often do wet dreams happen? Can you stop wet dreams? Keywords: Sexual health. General health. Subscribe to the monthly newsletter Each month we release two email newsletters — one written for men, family and friends, and another for health professionals. Email address. Enter other…. They are also known as nocturnal emissions. They are sometimes considered orgasms associated with dreams. Men may wake with the contraction of orgasm and the wetness of semen on their clothes or bed.

Wet dreams may occur throughout your lives after puberty. But they're more common during your teenage years or during periods of sexual abstinence not having sex. Higher levels of sex hormones may play a role. During sleep, the blood flow to your sexual organs might be increased.

For men, they may occur with or without an erection. Men can have erections during REM sleep, a common cause of waking with morning wood.

Not all boys or men have wet dreams. They might not notice it if they don't wake up or ejaculate. For similar reasons, women might be unaware if it happens to them. Wet dreams occur normally without a clear cause. There's some association between an increased frequency of wet dreams and a lack of sexual activity or masturbation with orgasm. Some studies suggest higher testosterone levels are associated with more frequent wet dreams.

The dreams associated with wet dreams don't have to reflect daytime experiences or preferences. The sexual nature of the dream doesn't always reflect an underlying desire and may not be the same as daytime intentions. It may be interesting to explore whether the dream content is a clue to any inner sexual desires you have. This can help you see what you might find arousing when you're awake. Wet dreams occur during sleep. They are normal and shouldn't be seen as bad or wrong.

It's also normal not to have them. Women might not be aware of vaginal wetness that happens during a wet dream while sleeping. But it's believed that women also have wet dreams. However, the term is most often used only for men. This sexual arousal may not result in an orgasm. It may sometimes cause moisture in undergarments or on bed sheets, like what happens in men.

But this is less likely. This increased vaginal wetness is associated with similar sexual-based dreams. There's no evidence that wet dreams are related to erotic dreams or any other type of dream. It's also unclear if they happen because of unmet sexual desires or needs.

The fact that they seem to happen more often during periods of abstinence may suggest this. But the association is hard to prove. Some people believe there's a few ways to reduce how often wet dreams occur.

The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell. The plasma membrane, or the cell membrane, provides protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment inside the cell, and that membrane has several different functions. One is to transport nutrients into the cell and also to transport toxic substances out of the cell. Another is that the membrane of the cell, which would be the plasma membrane, will have proteins on it which interact with other cells.

Those proteins can be glycoproteins, meaning there's a sugar and a protein moiety, or they could be lipid proteins, meaning that there's a fat and a protein. This means that the size, charge and other chemical properties of the atoms and molecules attempting to cross it will determine whether they succeed to do so.

Selective permeability is essential for effective separation of a cell or organelle from its surroundings. Biological membranes also have certain mechanical or elastic properties.

If a particle is too large or otherwise unable to cross the membrane by itself, but is still needed by a cell, it could either go through one of the protein channels, or be taken in by means of endocytosis. See also: Membrane.

PLoS One 14 , e Wang, L. Structure of the BK potassium channel in a lipid membrane from electron cryomicroscopy. Jiang, Q. Spherical reconstruction: a method for structure determination of membrane proteins from cryo-EM images. Markones, M. Stairway to asymmetry: five steps to lipid-asymmetric proteoliposomes. Carlson, M. The Peptidisc, a simple method for stabilizing membrane proteins in detergent-free solution.

Frauenfeld, J. A saposin-lipoprotein nanoparticle system for membrane proteins. Methods 13 , — Profiling the Escherichia coli membrane protein interactome captured in Peptidisc libraries.

Zeev-Ben-Mordehai, T. Extracellular vesicles: a platform for the structure determination of membrane proteins by Cryo-EM. Structure 22 , — The full-length cell-cell fusogen EFF-1 is monomeric and upright on the membrane. This study reports the cryo-EM structure of a cell—cell fusogen imaged while in a membrane environment.

Chorev, D. Protein assemblies ejected directly from native membranes yield complexes for mass spectrometry. This paper reports a mass spectrometry study of membrane protein complexes ejected directly from their membrane environments including bacterial and mitochnodrial membranes. Danev, R. Cryo-electron microscopy methodology: current aspects and future directions. Trends Biochem. Laverty, D. Zhu, S. Nature , 67—72 Phulera, S. Rose, R. High-sensitivity Orbitrap mass analysis of intact macromolecular assemblies.

Methods 9 , — This study demonstrates a high-resolution Orbitrap for native MS of soluble protein complexes. Gault, J. High-resolution mass spectrometry of small molecules bound to membrane proteins. This study covers the development of the Orbitrap platform for membrane proteins and demonstrates that the chain length of lipids could be distinguished while bound to the membrane protein.

Fort, K. Expanding the structural analysis capabilities on an Orbitrap-based mass spectrometer for large macromolecular complexes. Analyst , — Liu, Y. Selective binding of a toxin and phosphatidylinositides to a mammalian potassium channel. Mass spectrometry guided structural biology. Abbas, Y. Structure of V-ATPase from the mammalian brain. MS was used to define the isoform and subunit stoichiometry and composition of the intact V 1 complex.

Hellwig, N. Native mass spectrometry goes more native: investigation of membrane protein complexes directly from SMALPs. Keener, J. Chemical additives enable native mass spectrometry measurement of membrane protein oligomeric state within intact nanodiscs.

Sousa, J. Functional asymmetry and electron flow in the bovine respirasome. Jussupow, A. How cardiolipin modulates the dynamics of respiratory complex I. Lu, F. Structure and mechanism of the uracil transporter UraA. Yu, X. Cell Res. Gong, X. Structural basis for the recognition of Sonic Hedgehog by human Patched1.

Science , eaas Zhang, Y. Structural basis for cholesterol transport-like activity of the hedgehog receptor patched. Cell , — Qian, H. Inhibition of tetrameric Patched1 by Sonic Hedgehog through an asymmetric paradigm. Bakelar, J. Han, L. Structure of the BAM complex and its implications for biogenesis of outer-membrane proteins. Iadanza, M.

Celia, H. Structural insight into the role of the Ton complex in energy transduction. Nature , 60—65 Maki-Yonekura, S. Hexameric and pentameric complexes of the ExbBD energizer in the Ton system. Commun Biol 2 , Expanding the boundaries of cryo-EM with phase plates. Schwartz, O. Laser phase plate for transmission electron microscopy. Methods 16 , — Zhou, A. Raschle, T. Nonmicellar systems for solution NMR spectroscopy of membrane proteins. Download references.